Reinforcing β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for potential applications in bone tissue engineering

impact of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes

authored by: Saeed Hesaraki, Golshan Saba, Mostafa Shahrezaee, Nader Nezafati, Ziba Orshesh, Fahimeh Roshanfar, Shokoufeh Borhan, Birgit Glasmacher, Pooyan Makvandi, Yi Xu
Abstract: Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds manufactured through the foam replication method are widely employed in bone tissue regeneration. The mechanical strength of these scaffolds is a significant challenge, partly due to the rheological properties of the original suspension. Various strategies have been explored to enhance the mechanical properties. In this research, β-TCP scaffolds containing varying concentrations (0.25–1.00 wt%) of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were developed. The findings indicate that the addition of MWCNTs led to a concentration-dependent improvement in the viscosity of β-TCP suspensions. All the prepared slurries exhibited viscoelastic behavior, with the storage modulus surpassing the loss modulus. The three time interval tests revealed that MWCNT-incorporated β-TCP suspensions exhibited faster structural recovery compared to pure β-TCP slurries. Introducing MWCNT modified compressive strength, and the optimal improvement was obtained using 0.75 wt% MWCNT. The in vitro degradation of β-TCP was also reduced by incorporating MWCNT. While the inclusion of carbon nanotubes had a marginal negative impact on the viability and attachment of MC3T3-E1 cells, the number of viable cells remained above 70% of the control group. Additionally, the results demonstrated that the scaffold increased the expression level of osteocalcin, osteoponthin, and alkaline phosphatase genes of adiposed-derived stem cells; however, higher levels of gene expersion were obtained by using MWCNT. The suitability of MWCNT-modified β-TCP suspensions for the foam replication method can be assessed by evaluating their rheological behavior, aiding in determining the critical additive concentration necessary for a successful coating process.
Organisation(s): Institute of Multiphase Processes
External Organisation(s): Materials and Energy Research Center
Trauma Research Center
Islamic Azad University
NIFE - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development
Buein Zahra Technical University (BZTU)
Wenzhou Medical College
Chitkara University
Saveetha University (SIMATS)
Type: Article
Journal: Scientific reports
Volume: 14
No. of pages: 17
ISSN: 2045-2322
Publication date: 2024
Publication status: Published
Peer reviewed: Yes
ASJC Scopus subject areas: General
Electronic version(s): https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68419-2 (Access: Open)

BibTeX

@article{24bd24a73e7d491c99079616c30759c2,
title = "Reinforcing β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for potential applications in bone tissue engineering: impact of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes",
abstract = "Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds manufactured through the foam replication method are widely employed in bone tissue regeneration. The mechanical strength of these scaffolds is a significant challenge, partly due to the rheological properties of the original suspension. Various strategies have been explored to enhance the mechanical properties. In this research, β-TCP scaffolds containing varying concentrations (0.25–1.00 wt%) of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were developed. The findings indicate that the addition of MWCNTs led to a concentration-dependent improvement in the viscosity of β-TCP suspensions. All the prepared slurries exhibited viscoelastic behavior, with the storage modulus surpassing the loss modulus. The three time interval tests revealed that MWCNT-incorporated β-TCP suspensions exhibited faster structural recovery compared to pure β-TCP slurries. Introducing MWCNT modified compressive strength, and the optimal improvement was obtained using 0.75 wt% MWCNT. The in vitro degradation of β-TCP was also reduced by incorporating MWCNT. While the inclusion of carbon nanotubes had a marginal negative impact on the viability and attachment of MC3T3-E1 cells, the number of viable cells remained above 70% of the control group. Additionally, the results demonstrated that the scaffold increased the expression level of osteocalcin, osteoponthin, and alkaline phosphatase genes of adiposed-derived stem cells; however, higher levels of gene expersion were obtained by using MWCNT. The suitability of MWCNT-modified β-TCP suspensions for the foam replication method can be assessed by evaluating their rheological behavior, aiding in determining the critical additive concentration necessary for a successful coating process.",
keywords = "Bone substitute, Carbon nanotube, Foam replication, β-Tricalcium phosphate",
author = "Saeed Hesaraki and Golshan Saba and Mostafa Shahrezaee and Nader Nezafati and Ziba Orshesh and Fahimeh Roshanfar and Shokoufeh Borhan and Birgit Glasmacher and Pooyan Makvandi and Yi Xu",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2024.",
year = "2024",
doi = "10.1038/s41598-024-68419-2",
language = "English",
volume = "14",
journal = "Scientific reports",
issn = "2045-2322",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "1",
}